Course description and study program requires specific educational criteria. The primary criteria are a thorough study plan inclusive of resources available and accessible to the study of that particular course. However, if a study program is solely based upon the level of students and availability of resources, and non- academic parameters, the consequences would be as such: the quality of work would be destroyed and put under question and ultimately would result in a waste of human effort. Thus a curriculum or study program should be accorded to the needs and requirements of the present time as needs and expectations are rapidly changing. Experience gained from the last few teaching years offers a positive insight to the academic staff to probe critically into the syllabus of undergraduate courses in German language Translation and hopefully this will remedy the inborn deficiencies of several courses that have been weak in terms of structure and content.

The addition of the infinitive to the subject or object is one of the syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in the correct understanding the meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran. Sometimes there is disagreement among the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran in determining whether the infinitive is added to the subject or to the object. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate Translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve the difference in determining the qualificative role of genitive case and also to provide an expressive Translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method and by examining a number of infinitives added to the subject or object in the Holy Quran. The solutions to resolve the dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how the sentences relate to each other, paying attention to the citation of the subject in the verse, paying attention to the reason for using rhetorical devices in the verse, paying attention to the interpretive context (the context of the discussed verse, the guiding purpose of the Surah), paying attention to the verses and narrations of the same subject of the verse and paying attention to the requirements of servant politeness. The use of these solutions in order to provide a correct and expressive Translation of the infinitive structure added to the subject or the object is necessary: The use of verb in the Translation of the infinitive, the use of an appropriate word for Translation of the pronoun, the use of an appropriate word in addition to the accompanying added infinitive, the use of the explanations in parentheses, the avoidance of compression writing and the avoidance of literal Translation.

The present article reports a study carried out to investigate whether or not awareness of functional Translation theories has any impact on the Translation quality of translator trainees. 2oo Iranian undergraduate students took part in this study. They were divided into four groups -two- experimental and two control groups. After homogenizing the participants by a TOEFL test, a Translation pre-test was administered and then functional theories of Translation like Translational Action and Skopos Theory were taught to the experimental groups who were later required to use the material taught in their classroom Translation practice during one academic semester. The control groups were instructed traditionally as widely practiced in Iranian undergraduate Translation classes. A Translation post-test was given to all the groups at the end of the semester. The statistical results demonstrated a significant difference between the pre- and post- test in the two experimental groups as compared with the control groups.

Given what was suggested by Reiss and Vermeer in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Translation has to effectively create the communicative and pragmatic purposes of the source text in the context of the target language. Accordingly, their theory postulates that Translation has to comply primarily with the "skopos" intended by the original in its source context. To do so, Nord (1997) suggested applying Translation brief or a set of strategies in order to create the intended skopos of the source text in the target language and moreover to satisfy the needs of the client or commissioner.Therefore, it remains to be seen whether or not such briefing can actually affect the quality of Translations. The present study was carried out in the framework of skopos theory and it draws on Nord's textual analysis while considering the two needed measuring stones namely "adequacy" and "acceptability" as of contributing evaluative criteria in this regard.

In addition to variety of Translations in various fields taking place along the accelerating communication era, we are experiencing repeated Translations from a single literary work. What are the reasons for translating a written impression that already is translated?This essay is aiming to produce a definition for Translation, in order to study the existing differences between first Translation and re-Translation of the same work. In this research, the impact of elapsed time on the written translated maters is studied to find out why some translated impressions remain always brilliant, but few others lose their fame, as time passes by.

The concept of Translation movement is controversial, and brings several questions to mind. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the debates around the concept throughout the Translation history. While surveying this phenomenon, historically, in Iran and the word, we will discuss its definition, necessity, effect (advantages and disadvantages), the socio-cultural and political factors making the ground for it, and also the prerequisites for the emergence (or establishment) of Translation movement.

Translation is said to be a conscious, goal-oriented activity. The translator's decisions, different choices and various strategies in the process of Translation are all but a reflection of his/her ideological orientations. Dealing with the issue of ideology in Translation, this article examines the extent to which Translation may affect the ideological output of the original text. First, ideology has been discussed from different perspectives. Then, the framework proposed by Hatim and Mason (1990,1991, and 1997) to study and analyze ideological aspects of translated texts has been introduced and the constraints in terms of which they have suggested for analyzing texts (i.e., discourse, genre, and text) have separately been discussed and in each case relevant exemplifications have been presented and commented on.

“, Royal Translation Bureau”,is one of active departments of “, Publication Administration”,which was founded by Naser al-Din Shah’, s order and Muhammad Hassan Khan Etemad-al-Saltaneh’, s endeavors in 1880. The Bureau traditionally was a large organization that, through the use of competent translators, in addition to translating foreign works and developing foreign language, promoted the publication of European works in the Naserian era. Formation of “, Royal Translation Bureau”,and its relationship to the “, Publication Administration”,of the Naserian era and its effect on translating and publishing Western works are issues that has not been addressed before. Therefore, this study, conducted in the context of historical study and review of sources such as newspapers and books of the Naserian era, reveals that the Bureau, during the tenure of Etemad-al-Saltaneh, brought about a major change in translating, printing and publishing works in various languages through organizing and guiding translators as well as utilizing potential of the “, Publication Administration”, , and distinguished the Naserian era in terms of the number of translated works from previous periods. Keywords: Etemad-al-Saltaneh, Naser al-Din Shah, Publication Administration, Royal Translation Bureau.

This paper is an attempt to shed light on questions such as culture, Translation and the strategies used for translating culture -specific items (CSIs). Examples of culture-specific items are presented following which the strategies and processes developed and employed in order to produce an acceptable Translation in the target language of CSIs found in the source language texts will be discussed. The paper concludes presenting instances of extreme adjustment and adaptation of CSIs found in the western literature as were translated by Iranian translators during Qajar Era in late 19thcentury and early 20thc century.